{"id":14531,"date":"2026-05-10T17:42:55","date_gmt":"2026-05-10T17:42:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/csiag.de\/?p=14531"},"modified":"2026-05-16T17:22:49","modified_gmt":"2026-05-16T17:22:49","slug":"reference-ranges-for-blood-values-and-dietary-supplements","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/","title":{"rendered":"Reference Ranges - Blood Values and Supplements"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Blutwerte\" >Blood work<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Internationale_Bewertung\" >International Valuation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Was_ist_ein_%E2%80%9ENormalwert%E2%80%9C\" >What is a \u201enormal value\u201c?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Referenzbereiche_%E2%80%93_international_vergleichend\" >Reference Ranges \u2013 International Comparison<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Warum_sind_Referenzbereiche_international_different\" >Why are reference ranges internationally different?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Unterschiedliche_Bevolkerungsgruppen\" >Different population groups<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Beispiel_%E2%80%93_Ferritin\" >Example \u2013 Ferritin<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Beispiel_%E2%80%93_Schilddrusenwert_TSH\" >Example \u2013 Thyroid value TSH<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Beispiel_%E2%80%93_Leberwerte_ALTGPT\" >Example \u2013 Liver Values (ALT\/GPT)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Beispiel_%E2%80%93_Vitamin_D\" >Example - Vitamin D<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Messgerate_%E2%80%93_Differenzen\" >Measuring Devices - Differences<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Labormedizin_im_Wandel\" >Laboratory Medicine in Transition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Laborwerte_erklart\" >Blood Test Results Explained<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Hamatologie\" >Hematology<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Hamoglobin_Hb\" >Hemoglobin (Hb)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Hamatokrit_Hkt_%E2%80%93_Prozentualen_Blutzellen-Anteil_am_Gesamtblutvolumen\" >Hematocrit (Hct) \u2013 Percentage of blood cells in the total blood volume<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Leukozyten\" >Leukocytes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Thrombozyten\" >Thrombocytes<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Eisenstoffwechsel\" >Iron metabolism<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Ferritin\" >Ferritin<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Eisen\" >iron<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Elektrolyte\" >Electrolytes<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Natrium\" >Sodium<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Kalium_%E2%80%93_Herzfunktion_Muskeln_und_Nervensystem\" >Potassium \u2013 Heart function, muscles, and nervous system.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Calcium_%E2%80%93_Knochen_Nerven_und_Muskelkontraktion\" >Calcium \u2013 Bones, Nerves, and Muscle Contraction.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Magnesium_%E2%80%93_Muskel-_und_Nervenfunktion\" >Magnesium \u2013 Muscle and Nerve Function.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Nierenwerte\" >Kidney values<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Kreatinin\" >Creatinine<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#eGFR_%E2%80%93_Geschatzte_Filtrationsleistung_der_Niere\" >eGFR \u2013 Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Harnsaure_%E2%80%93_Endprodukt_des_Purinstoffwechsels\" >Uric acid \u2013 end product of purine metabolism<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Leberwerte\" >Liver function tests<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#ALTGPT_%E2%80%93_Marker_fur_Leberschaden\" >ALT\/GPT \u2013 Markers for Liver Damage<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#ASTGOT\" >AST\/GOT<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#GGT\" >GGT<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Bilirubin_%E2%80%93_Abbauprodukt_roter_Blutkorperchen\" >Bilirubin \u2013 breakdown product of red blood cells<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Glukose_Diabetes\" >Glucose &amp; Diabetes<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Nuchternglukose_%E2%80%93_Blutzucker_nach_Nahrungskarenz\" >Fasting Glucose \u2013 Blood Sugar After Fasting<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#HbA1c_%E2%80%93_Langzeitblutzucker_ca_8%E2%80%9312_Wochen\" >HbA1c \u2013 Long-term blood sugar (approx. 8\u201312 weeks)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Lipidprofil\" >Lipid panel<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#LDL-Cholesterin\" >LDL Cholesterol<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#HDL-Cholesterin\" >HDL Cholesterol<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Triglyceride_%E2%80%93_Speicherfette_des_Korpers\" >Triglycerides - the body's storage fats<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Schilddruse\" >Thyroid gland<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#TSH_%E2%80%93_Steuerhormon_der_Schilddruse\" >TSH \u2013 Thyroid Stimulating Hormone<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#fT4_%E2%80%93_Freies_Thyroxin_der_Schilddruse\" >fT4 \u2013 Free Thyroidroxine<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#fT3_%E2%80%93_Aktive_Form_des_Schilddrusenhormons\" >fT3 \u2013 Active Form of Thyroid Hormone<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Jodstoffwechsel\" >Iodine metabolism<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Jodid_Serum\" >Iodide (Serum)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Jodausscheidung_im_Urin\" >Iodine excretion in urine<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#JodKreatinin-Quotient\" >Iodine\/Creatinine Ratio<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Thyreoglobulin\" >Thyroglobulin<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-52\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#TPO-Antikorper\" >TPO antibodies<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-53\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Jodwerte_%E2%80%93_internationale_Relevanz\" >Iodine Values - International Relevance<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-54\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Vitamine_Spurenelemente\" >Vitamins &amp; Trace Elements<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-55\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Vitamin_D_%E2%80%93_Knochen_Immunsystem_Muskelstoffwechsel\" >Vitamin D \u2013 Bones, Immune System, Muscle Metabolism<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-56\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Vitamin_B12\" >Vitamin B12<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-57\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Folsaure_%E2%80%93_Zellteilung_und_Blutbildung\" >Folic Acid \u2013 Cell Division and Blood Formation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-58\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Entzundung_Gerinnung\" >Inflammation &amp; Coagulation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-59\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#CRP_%E2%80%93_Akut-Phase-Protein_der_Entzundung\" >CRP - Acute-phase protein of inflammation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-60\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#hs-CRP\" >hs-CRP<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-61\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#INR_%E2%80%93_Standardisierter_Gerinnungswert\" >INR - International Normalized Ratio<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-62\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#D-Dimer_%E2%80%93_Abbauprodukt_von_Blutgerinnseln\" >D-Dimer \u2013 Degradation product of blood clots<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-63\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Schlusswort\" >Closing words<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-64\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Nahrungserganzungsmittel\" >Dietary supplements<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-65\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#NEMs_%E2%80%93_Tagesbedarf_vs_Labordaten\" >NEMs \u2013 Daily Requirements vs. Lab Data<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-66\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Internationale_Referenzwerte_RCD_von_Nahrungserganzungsmitteln_NEMs\" >International Reference Values \/ Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) of Dietary Supplements (DS)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-67\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/#Zentrale_Studien_Referenzquellen\" >Central Studies &amp; Reference Sources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Reading time<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 9<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minutes<\/span><\/span>\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Blutwerte\"><\/span>Blood work<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Reference ranges for blood test results vary around the world; they take into account ethnic and genetic differences and are based on statistical data from 95% \u201ehealthy\u201c individuals. 5% therefore fall outside this \u201enormal\u201c range.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Further parameters such as diet, BMI, age, and gender will be included in the determination of these reference values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When assessing, in addition to a holistic medical evaluation, it must be considered that measurement methods, equipment calibrations, etc., can also lead to deviations in the values of one and the same sample.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Internationale_Bewertung\"><\/span>International Valuation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anyone who looks more closely at their lab results often notices:<br>\u201eNormal\u201c blood values are by no means uniformly defined worldwide. A value that is considered unremarkable in Germany may already be considered elevated in Japan or still within the reference range in the USA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These differences are not a mistake of the laboratories, but the result of decades of scientific development, statistical methods, and population-specific research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modern laboratory medicine therefore does not work with absolute universal truths, but with so-called reference intervals, which can vary from country to country, lab to lab, and even between analyzers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Was_ist_ein_%E2%80%9ENormalwert%E2%80%9C\"><\/span>What is a \u201enormal value\u201c?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The term \u201enormal value\u201c is actually imprecise in a medical context. Technically correct, one speaks of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Reference range<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reference interval<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>clinical decision value<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most laboratory test results are statistically based on the 95th percentile of a reference population defined as healthy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This means:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The lowest 2.5 % and highest 2.5 % are excluded<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Even healthy people can therefore be outside the \u201enormal range.\u201c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A \u201enormal\u201c value doesn't automatically mean optimal health<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Referenzbereiche_%E2%80%93_international_vergleichend\"><\/span>Reference Ranges \u2013 International Comparison<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A selection of the most common laboratory parameters in international comparison:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n\n\/* ========================================= *\/\n\/* IDENTISCHES DESIGN F\u00dcR ALLE TABELLEN      *\/\n\/* OPTIMIERTE AUTO-SPALTENBREITEN            *\/\n\/* ========================================= *\/\n\n.laborwerte-wrap{\n    width:100%;\n    overflow-x:auto;\n    margin:40px 0;\n    padding-bottom:12px;\n}\n\n\/* Container *\/\n.laborwerte-container{\n    display:inline-block;\n    width:auto;\n    min-width:auto;\n    border-radius:14px;\n    border:1px solid #B7CADB;\n    box-shadow:0 3px 14px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);\n    background:#FFFFFF;\n}\n\n\/* Tabelle *\/\n.laborwerte-table{\n    border-collapse:collapse;\n    width:auto;\n    table-layout:auto;\n    font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;\n}\n\n\/* Header *\/\n.laborwerte-table thead th{\n    background:#173654;\n    color:#FFFFFF;\n    font-size:13px;\n    font-weight:700;\n    text-align:left;\n    padding:14px 14px;\n    border-right:1px solid #294968;\n    white-space:nowrap;\n    vertical-align:middle;\n}\n\n\/* Zellen *\/\n.laborwerte-table tbody td{\n    padding:12px 14px;\n    font-size:13px;\n    color:#1A1A2E;\n    border:1px solid #C8D7E5;\n    white-space:nowrap;\n    line-height:1.45;\n    text-align:left;\n    vertical-align:middle;\n}\n\n\/* KEINE EINR\u00dcCKUNG *\/\n.laborwerte-table td,\n.laborwerte-table th{\n    text-indent:0;\n    margin:0;\n}\n\n\/* Kategorien *\/\n.laborwerte-table tbody td.category{\n    background:#E4EEF7;\n    color:#173654;\n    font-weight:700;\n    text-align:left;\n}\n\n\/* Zebra *\/\n.laborwerte-table tbody tr:nth-child(even) td:not(.category){\n    background:#FAFCFE;\n}\n\n\/* Hover *\/\n.laborwerte-table tbody tr:hover td{\n    background:#F1F7FC;\n}\n\n\/* SPALTENBREITEN NUR NACH INHALT *\/\n\n\/* 1. Spalte *\/\n.laborwerte-table thead th:first-child,\n.laborwerte-table tbody td:first-child{\n    padding-left:18px;\n    padding-right:18px;\n    width:1%;\n}\n\n\/* 2. Spalte *\/\n.laborwerte-table thead th:nth-child(2),\n.laborwerte-table tbody td:nth-child(2){\n    width:1%;\n}\n\n\/* 3. Spalte *\/\n.laborwerte-table thead th:nth-child(3),\n.laborwerte-table tbody td:nth-child(3){\n    width:1%;\n}\n\n\/* 4. Spalte *\/\n.laborwerte-table thead th:nth-child(4),\n.laborwerte-table tbody td:nth-child(4){\n    width:1%;\n}\n\n\/* 5. Spalte *\/\n.laborwerte-table thead th:nth-child(5),\n.laborwerte-table tbody td:nth-child(5){\n    width:1%;\n}\n\n\/* 6. Spalte *\/\n.laborwerte-table thead th:last-child,\n.laborwerte-table tbody td:last-child{\n    padding-right:20px;\n    border-right:none;\n    width:1%;\n}\n\n\/* Responsive *\/\n@media screen and (max-width:768px){\n\n    .laborwerte-table thead th,\n    .laborwerte-table tbody td{\n        font-size:12px;\n        padding:10px 10px;\n    }\n\n}\n\n\/* ========================================= *\/\n\/* ERZWINGT ABSOLUT LINKSB\u00dcNDIGE AUSRICHTUNG *\/\n\/* OHNE JEGLICHE EINR\u00dcCKUNG                  *\/\n\/* ========================================= *\/\n\n\/* ALLE ZELLEN *\/\n.laborwerte-table td,\n.laborwerte-table th{\n    text-align:left !important;\n    text-indent:0 !important;\n    padding-left:14px !important;\n    margin-left:0 !important;\n}\n\n\/* AUCH ROWSPAN-KATEGORIEN *\/\n.laborwerte-table td.category{\n    text-align:left !important;\n    padding-left:14px !important;\n    vertical-align:middle;\n}\n\n\/* VERHINDERT WORDPRESS\/THEME-EINR\u00dcCKUNG *\/\n.laborwerte-table tr td + td{\n    padding-left:14px !important;\n}\n\n\/* KEINE SONDERBEHANDLUNG DER ERSTEN SPALTE *\/\n.laborwerte-table thead th:first-child,\n.laborwerte-table tbody td:first-child{\n    padding-left:14px !important;\n    padding-right:14px !important;\n}\n\n\/* KEINE AUTOMATISCHE EINR\u00dcCKUNG NACH ROWSPAN *\/\n.laborwerte-table tbody tr td{\n    position:relative;\n    left:0 !important;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"laborwerte-wrap\">\n<div class=\"laborwerte-container\">\n\n<table class=\"laborwerte-table\">\n\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Category<\/th>\n<th>parameter<\/th>\n<th>Labor Abbreviation<\/th>\n<th>Germany\/EU<\/th>\n<th>USA<\/th>\n<th>Japan\/East Asia<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n<tbody>\n\n<!-- H\u00c4MATOLOGIE -->\n<tr>\n<td class=\"category\" rowspan=\"8\">Hematology<\/td>\n<td>Hemoglobin Men\/Women<\/td>\n<td>Hemoglobin<\/td>\n<td>13.5\u201317.5 \/ 12.0\u201316.0<\/td>\n<td>13.2\u201316.6 \/ 11.6\u201315.0<\/td>\n<td>13.0\u201316.5 \/ 11.5\u201315.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Hematocrit<\/td>\n<td>Hematocrit<\/td>\n<td>40\u201352<\/td>\n<td>38\u201350<\/td>\n<td>39\u201349<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Erythrocytes<\/td>\n<td>ERY \/ RBC<\/td>\n<td>4.5\u20135.9<\/td>\n<td>4.4\u20135.8<\/td>\n<td>4.3\u20135.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Leukocytes<\/td>\n<td>White blood cell<\/td>\n<td>4\u201310<\/td>\n<td>4.5\u201311<\/td>\n<td>3.5\u20139<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Thrombocytes<\/td>\n<td>THRO \/ PLT<\/td>\n<td>150\u2013400<\/td>\n<td>150\u2013450<\/td>\n<td>140\u2013380<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>MCV<\/td>\n<td>MCV<\/td>\n<td>80\u201396<\/td>\n<td>80\u2013100<\/td>\n<td>80\u201398<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>MCH<\/td>\n<td>MCH<\/td>\n<td>28\u201333<\/td>\n<td>27\u201333<\/td>\n<td>27\u201332<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>MCHC<\/td>\n<td>MCHC<\/td>\n<td>33\u201336<\/td>\n<td>32\u201336<\/td>\n<td>32\u201335<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<!-- EISEN -->\n<tr>\n<td class=\"category\" rowspan=\"4\">Iron metabolism<\/td>\n<td>Ferritin<\/td>\n<td>FER \/ FERR \/ TFER<\/td>\n<td>15\u2013400<\/td>\n<td>11\u2013336<\/td>\n<td>10\u2013280<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Transferrin<\/td>\n<td>TRF \/ TRAFS<\/td>\n<td>200\u2013360<\/td>\n<td>200\u2013350<\/td>\n<td>180\u2013340<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Transferrin saturation<\/td>\n<td>TSAT<\/td>\n<td>16\u201345 %<\/td>\n<td>20\u201350 %<\/td>\n<td>20\u201345 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Transfer<\/td>\n<td>Transfer<\/td>\n<td>1.9\u20135.0<\/td>\n<td>2.0\u20135.0<\/td>\n<td>1.8\u20134.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<!-- ELEKTROLYTE -->\n<tr>\n<td class=\"category\" rowspan=\"4\">Electrolytes<\/td>\n<td>Sodium<\/td>\n<td>Not applicable<\/td>\n<td>135\u2013145<\/td>\n<td>136\u2013145<\/td>\n<td>136\u2013145<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>potassium<\/td>\n<td>K<\/td>\n<td>3.5\u20135.1<\/td>\n<td>3.5\u20135.0<\/td>\n<td>3.6\u20135.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Calcium<\/td>\n<td>California<\/td>\n<td>2.1\u20132.6<\/td>\n<td>2.1\u20132.55<\/td>\n<td>2.15\u20132.55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>magnesium<\/td>\n<td>MG<\/td>\n<td>0.7\u20131.05<\/td>\n<td>0.75\u20130.95<\/td>\n<td>0.7\u20131.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<!-- NIERENWERTE -->\n<tr>\n<td class=\"category\" rowspan=\"6\">Kidney values<\/td>\n<td>Creatinine<\/td>\n<td>KREA \/ CREA<\/td>\n<td>0.5\u20131.2<\/td>\n<td>0.59\u20131.35<\/td>\n<td>0.46\u20131.07<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>eGFR<\/td>\n<td>eGFR<\/td>\n<td>Over 90<\/td>\n<td>Over 90<\/td>\n<td>Over 90<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Urea<\/td>\n<td>Urea<\/td>\n<td>15\u201350<\/td>\n<td>7\u201320<\/td>\n<td>15\u201345<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Uric acid<\/td>\n<td>High school<\/td>\n<td>3.5\u20137.0<\/td>\n<td>3.4\u20137.0<\/td>\n<td>3.0\u20137.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Cystatin C<\/td>\n<td>CYS-C<\/td>\n<td>0.6\u20131.0<\/td>\n<td>0.61\u20130.95<\/td>\n<td>0.6\u20131.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Albumin\/Creatinine Ratio<\/td>\n<td>ACR<\/td>\n<td>Less than 30<\/td>\n<td>Less than 30<\/td>\n<td>Less than 30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<!-- LEBERWERTE -->\n<tr>\n<td class=\"category\" rowspan=\"6\">Liver function tests<\/td>\n<td>ALT\/GPT<\/td>\n<td>GPT \/ ALT<\/td>\n<td>Under 45<\/td>\n<td>Under 40<\/td>\n<td>Less than 35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>AST\/GOT<\/td>\n<td>GOT \/ AST<\/td>\n<td>Less than 35<\/td>\n<td>Under 40<\/td>\n<td>Less than 35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Gamma-GT<\/td>\n<td>GGT<\/td>\n<td>Under 60<\/td>\n<td>Under 65<\/td>\n<td>Under 50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>AP<\/td>\n<td>Alpine \/ Appalachian<\/td>\n<td>40\u2013130<\/td>\n<td>44\u2013147<\/td>\n<td>38\u2013120<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>LDH<\/td>\n<td>LDH<\/td>\n<td>135\u2013225<\/td>\n<td>140\u2013280<\/td>\n<td>120\u2013230<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Bilirubin<\/td>\n<td>BILI<\/td>\n<td>0.2\u20131.2<\/td>\n<td>0.1\u20131.2<\/td>\n<td>0.2\u20131.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<!-- GLUKOSE -->\n<tr>\n<td class=\"category\" rowspan=\"5\">Glucose &amp; Diabetes<\/td>\n<td>Fasting glucose<\/td>\n<td>GLU<\/td>\n<td>70\u201399<\/td>\n<td>70\u201399<\/td>\n<td>70\u2013109<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>HbA1c<\/td>\n<td>HbA1c<\/td>\n<td>&lt;5.7<\/td>\n<td>&lt;5.7<\/td>\n<td>Less than 5.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Insulin fasting<\/td>\n<td>INS<\/td>\n<td>2\u201325<\/td>\n<td>2\u201325<\/td>\n<td>2\u201320<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>C-peptide<\/td>\n<td>C-PEP<\/td>\n<td>0.8\u20133.1<\/td>\n<td>0.9\u20133.0<\/td>\n<td>0.8\u20132.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>HOMA-Index<\/td>\n<td>HOMA<\/td>\n<td>2.0<\/td>\n<td>2.0<\/td>\n<td>Less than 1.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<!-- LIPIDE -->\n<tr>\n<td class=\"category\" rowspan=\"5\">Lipid panel<\/td>\n<td>LDL<\/td>\n<td>LDL<\/td>\n<td>&lt;116<\/td>\n<td>Under 100<\/td>\n<td>120<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>HDL<\/td>\n<td>HDL<\/td>\n<td>Over 40<\/td>\n<td>Over 40<\/td>\n<td>Over 40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Triglycerides<\/td>\n<td>TG<\/td>\n<td>Less than 150<\/td>\n<td>Less than 150<\/td>\n<td>Less than 150<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Total cholesterol<\/td>\n<td>Chol<\/td>\n<td>&lt;200<\/td>\n<td>&lt;200<\/td>\n<td>&lt;200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Lipoprotein(a)<\/td>\n<td>Lp(a)<\/td>\n<td>Less than 30<\/td>\n<td>Less than 30<\/td>\n<td>Less than 30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Warum_sind_Referenzbereiche_international_different\"><\/span>Why are reference ranges internationally different?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The differences arise from several factors simultaneously:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Unterschiedliche_Bevolkerungsgruppen\"><\/span>Different population groups<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Large international studies show clear differences between populations regarding:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Muscle mass<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nutrition<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Body weight<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ethnic genetics<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hormone profile<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inflammatory activity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Iodine supply<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alcohol consumption<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This shifts the natural distributions of certain laboratory values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Beispiel_%E2%80%93_Ferritin\"><\/span>Example \u2013 Ferritin<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ferritin is a marker of iron metabolism and is among the most variable reference values worldwide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<table> <thead> <tr> <th>Ferritin Men (ng\/ml)<\/th> <th>Germany\/EU<\/th> <th>USA<\/th> <th>Japan\/East Asia<\/th> <\/tr> <\/thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Reference range<\/td> <td>30\u2013400<\/td> <td>24\u2013336<\/td> <td>20\u2013280<\/td> <\/tr> <\/tbody> <\/table>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While some European laboratories interpret ferritin levels below 30 ng\/ml as functional iron deficiency, they are still considered normal in other countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The causes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>different definitions of inflammation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>various reference populations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>statistical analysis methods<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>different measuring platforms<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Beispiel_%E2%80%93_Schilddrusenwert_TSH\"><\/span>Example \u2013 Thyroid value TSH<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">TSH is one of the most controversial lab values of all.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<table> <thead> <tr> <th>TSH (mIU\/L)<\/th> <th>Germany\/EU<\/th> <th>USA<\/th> <th>Japan\/East Asia<\/th> <\/tr> <\/thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Reference range<\/td> <td>0.3\u20134.0<\/td> <td>0.4\u20134.5<\/td> <td>0.5\u20135.0<\/td> <\/tr> <\/tbody> <\/table>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Why these differences?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Studies show:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Age strongly influences TSH<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Iodine supply changes average values<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Autoimmune diseases shift populations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ethnicity plays a role<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some endocrinologists therefore argue:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Values over 2.5 are already noticeable<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Other professional societies, however, warn against overdiagnosis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Beispiel_%E2%80%93_Leberwerte_ALTGPT\"><\/span>Example \u2013 Liver Values (ALT\/GPT)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Liver values show particularly clearly how much modern lifestyle habits can change reference ranges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<table> <thead> <tr> <th>ALT\/GPT Men (U\/L)<\/th> <th>Germany\/EU<\/th> <th>USA<\/th> <th>Japan\/East Asia<\/th> <\/tr> <\/thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Upper limit<\/td> <td>Under 45<\/td> <td>Under 40<\/td> <td>30\u201335<\/td> <\/tr> <\/tbody> <\/table>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Historically, many reference ranges were created from populations where:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Overweight<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alcohol consumption<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fatty liver<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>metabolic syndrome<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">already occurred frequently.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This caused the \u201enormal ranges\u201c to be artificially shifted upwards in part.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Recent Asian studies therefore use stricter upper limits to detect early liver disease sooner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Beispiel_%E2%80%93_Vitamin_D\"><\/span>Example - Vitamin D<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vitamin D impressively shows how differently medical professional societies interpret the same data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<table> <thead> <tr> <th>Vitamin D (ng\/mL)<\/th> <th>Germany\/EU<\/th> <th>USA<\/th> <th>Japan\/East Asia<\/th> <\/tr> <\/thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Optimal range<\/td> <td>30\u201350<\/td> <td>30\u201360<\/td> <td>20\u201340<\/td> <\/tr> <\/tbody> <\/table>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Depending on the professional society, the following apply:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>under 20 ng\/mL<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>under 12 ng\/ml<br>or even only below 10 ng\/ml as a true deficiency<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The cause:<br>different studies assess different health endpoints:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bone health<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>immune system<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cancer risk<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Autoimmunity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>mortality<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Messgerate_%E2%80%93_Differenzen\"><\/span>Measuring Devices - Differences<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lab values depend not only on the person, but also on the measurement system used: Different<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Analyzers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reagents<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Calibrations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Laboratory methods<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">can produce measurable differences. That's why international organizations like IFCC (<em>International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine<\/em>, CLSI (<em>Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute<\/em>and WHO<em>World Health Organization<\/em>a local validation of reference intervals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Labormedizin_im_Wandel\"><\/span>Laboratory Medicine in Transition<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The classic idea of a fixed \u201enormal value\u201c is increasingly criticized today, as recent research shows that<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>People have individual biological baselines.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>values change depending on age<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Averages are not always optimal<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Population-based limits do not consider pre-existing conditions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That's why modern laboratory medicine is moving more towards:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>personalized reference intervals<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>AI-powered trend analysis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>individual long-term profiles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>dynamic reference systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Laborwerte_erklart\"><\/span>Blood Test Results Explained<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hamatologie\"><\/span>Hematology<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hamoglobin_Hb\"><\/span>Hemoglobin (Hb)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hemoglobin is the iron-containing pigment of red blood cells and transports oxygen in the body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><strong>Humiliated<\/strong><\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Iron deficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Blood loss<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vitamin B12 Deficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>chronic illnesses<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Smoking<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Oxygen deficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lung diseases<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dehydration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>rare bone marrow diseases<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hamatokrit_Hkt_%E2%80%93_Prozentualen_Blutzellen-Anteil_am_Gesamtblutvolumen\"><\/span>Hematocrit (Hct) \u2013 Percentage of blood cells in the total blood volume<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dehydration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Polycythemia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>chronic oxygen deprivation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Humiliated<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Blood loss<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anemia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Overwatering<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Leukozyten\"><\/span>Leukocytes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Leukocytes are white blood cells and are central to the immune system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bacterial infections<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inflammation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stress reactions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Leukemias<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Humiliated<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Viral infections<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bone marrow damage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Immunosuppression<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Thrombozyten\"><\/span>Thrombocytes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Platelets are blood cells and important for blood clotting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Inflammation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Iron deficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bone marrow diseases<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Humiliated<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bleeding tendency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Autoimmune processes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liver diseases<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Eisenstoffwechsel\"><\/span>Iron metabolism<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ferritin\"><\/span>Ferritin<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ferritin is the most important storage parameter for iron.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Humiliated<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Iron deficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>chronic blood loss<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Malnutrition<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Inflammation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liver diseases<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Iron overload<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>metabolic syndrome<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ferritin is an acute-phase protein and therefore inflammation-dependent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Eisen\"><\/span>iron<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Measures the current amount of circulating iron in the blood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Humiliated<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Iron deficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>chronic illnesses<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Iron overload<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liver diseases<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hemolysis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The individual value is prone to fluctuations and is not very meaningful on its own.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Elektrolyte\"><\/span>Electrolytes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Natrium\"><\/span>Sodium<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Regulates water balance, nerve function, and blood pressure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Humiliated<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Overwatering<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Heart\/kidney failure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hormonal disorders<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dehydration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diabetes insipidus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kalium_%E2%80%93_Herzfunktion_Muskeln_und_Nervensystem\"><\/span>Potassium \u2013 Heart function, muscles, and nervous system.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Humiliated<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Arrhythmias<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Muscle weakness<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diuretics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kidney failure,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>life-threatening arrhythmias.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Calcium_%E2%80%93_Knochen_Nerven_und_Muskelkontraktion\"><\/span>Calcium \u2013 Bones, Nerves, and Muscle Contraction.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Humiliated<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vitamin D deficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hypoparathyroidism<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hyperparathyroidism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tumor diseases<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Magnesium_%E2%80%93_Muskel-_und_Nervenfunktion\"><\/span>Magnesium \u2013 Muscle and Nerve Function.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Deficiency<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>cramps<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Arrhythmias<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stress reactions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>kidney dysfunction<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nierenwerte\"><\/span>Kidney values<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kreatinin\"><\/span>Creatinine<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Metabolic byproduct of muscle metabolism; marker of kidney function.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>impaired kidney function<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dehydration<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Humiliated<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>low muscle mass<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"eGFR_%E2%80%93_Geschatzte_Filtrationsleistung_der_Niere\"><\/span>eGFR \u2013 Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Humiliated<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>chronic kidney disease<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kidney failure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Harnsaure_%E2%80%93_Endprodukt_des_Purinstoffwechsels\"><\/span>Uric acid \u2013 end product of purine metabolism<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gout<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>metabolic syndrome<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kidney disorder<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Leberwerte\"><\/span>Liver function tests<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ALTGPT_%E2%80%93_Marker_fur_Leberschaden\"><\/span>ALT\/GPT \u2013 Markers for Liver Damage<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fatty liver<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hepatitis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alcohol<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Medication damage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ASTGOT\"><\/span>AST\/GOT<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Found in the liver, heart, and muscles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Liver cell damage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Muscle damage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Heart damage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"GGT\"><\/span>GGT<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Highly sensitive marker for bile ducts and alcohol influence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Alcohol exposure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cholestasis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fatty liver<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bilirubin_%E2%80%93_Abbauprodukt_roter_Blutkorperchen\"><\/span>Bilirubin \u2013 breakdown product of red blood cells<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Jaundice<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liver disorder<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gallstones<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hemolysis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Glukose_Diabetes\"><\/span>Glucose &amp; Diabetes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nuchternglukose_%E2%80%93_Blutzucker_nach_Nahrungskarenz\"><\/span>Fasting Glucose \u2013 Blood Sugar After Fasting<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Prediabetes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>diabetes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stress reactions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Humiliated<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hypoglycemia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hormonal disorders<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"HbA1c_%E2%80%93_Langzeitblutzucker_ca_8%E2%80%9312_Wochen\"><\/span>HbA1c \u2013 Long-term blood sugar (approx. 8\u201312 weeks)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>chronically elevated glucose<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diabetes mellitus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lipidprofil\"><\/span>Lipid panel<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"LDL-Cholesterin\"><\/span>LDL Cholesterol<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Transports cholesterol to tissues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Arteriosclerosis risk<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cardiovascular diseases<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"HDL-Cholesterin\"><\/span>HDL Cholesterol<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Transports cholesterol back to the liver.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Humiliated<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>increased heart risk<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Triglyceride_%E2%80%93_Speicherfette_des_Korpers\"><\/span>Triglycerides - the body's storage fats<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>metabolic syndrome<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>diabetes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alcohol<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Overweight<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Schilddruse\"><\/span>Thyroid gland<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"TSH_%E2%80%93_Steuerhormon_der_Schilddruse\"><\/span>TSH \u2013 Thyroid Stimulating Hormone<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hypothyroidism<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Humiliated<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hyperthyroidism<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"fT4_%E2%80%93_Freies_Thyroxin_der_Schilddruse\"><\/span>fT4 \u2013 Free Thyroidroxine<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Reflects direct thyroid hormone production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"fT3_%E2%80%93_Aktive_Form_des_Schilddrusenhormons\"><\/span>fT3 \u2013 Active Form of Thyroid Hormone<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Especially important for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hyperthyroidism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Conversion disorder<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Jodstoffwechsel\"><\/span>Iodine metabolism<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Jodid_Serum\"><\/span>Iodide (Serum)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Iodide is the form of iodine circulating in the blood and is essential for the production of thyroid hormones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Humiliated<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Iodine deficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduced thyroid hormone production<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Risk of goiter<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hypothyroidism<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>excessive iodine intake<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Contrast agent load<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>iodine-induced thyroid disorders<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, serum iodide fluctuates relatively strongly and is only suitable to a limited extent for assessing long-term iodine supply.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Jodausscheidung_im_Urin\"><\/span>Iodine excretion in urine<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Urinary iodine excretion is considered the most important marker of a population's iodine supply.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since approximately 90% of the absorbed iodine is excreted in the urine, this provides a relatively good estimate of current iodine status.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Humiliated<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Iodine deficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Risk of thyroid enlargement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hormonal dysregulation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>high iodine intake<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dietary supplement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Contrast medium<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>certain medications<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The WHO uses urinary iodine excretion as an international standard parameter for assessing the iodine supply of populations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"JodKreatinin-Quotient\"><\/span>Iodine\/Creatinine Ratio<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This value corrects iodine excretion for creatinine excretion, thereby reducing variations in urine dilution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is more accurate than a single measurement of iodine concentration in spontaneous urine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Thyreoglobulin\"><\/span>Thyroglobulin<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thyroglobulin is a protein of the thyroid gland and an indirect marker of iodine supply and thyroid activity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Iodine deficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thyroid growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inflammation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hyperthyroidism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thyroid cancer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In regions with chronic iodine deficiency, thyroglobulin levels are often elevated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"TPO-Antikorper\"><\/span>TPO antibodies<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">TPO antibodies target thyroid peroxidase and are markers of autoimmune thyroid diseases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hashimoto's thyroiditis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Graves' disease<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>autoimmune inflammatory processes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Iodine intake indirectly influences TPO antibodies:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>both severe iodine deficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>as well as very high iodine intake<br>can promote autoimmune reactions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Jodwerte_%E2%80%93_internationale_Relevanz\"><\/span>Iodine Values - International Relevance<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Iodine is one of the most geographically diverse nutrients worldwide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The differences arise from:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Soil iodine content<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Proximity to the sea<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Using iodized salt<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Eating habits<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fish consumption<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>State-sponsored iodization programs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Japan traditionally has a very high iodine intake due to seaweed consumption<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Germany was historically considered a region with iodine deficiency for a long time.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The USA is in the middle range due to widespread use of iodized salt<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That's why they also differ:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Reference ranges<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Target values<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>clinical interpretation of thyroid parameters is sometimes significantly different internationally<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vitamine_Spurenelemente\"><\/span>Vitamins &amp; Trace Elements<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vitamin_D_%E2%80%93_Knochen_Immunsystem_Muskelstoffwechsel\"><\/span>Vitamin D \u2013 Bones, Immune System, Muscle Metabolism<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Deficiency<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Osteomalacia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Muscle weakness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vitamin_B12\"><\/span>Vitamin B12<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Essential for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Nerve<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Blood formation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DNA synthesis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Deficiency<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>neurological disorders<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Macrocytic anemia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Folsaure_%E2%80%93_Zellteilung_und_Blutbildung\"><\/span>Folic Acid \u2013 Cell Division and Blood Formation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Deficiency<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Macrocytic anemia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pregnancy risks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Entzundung_Gerinnung\"><\/span>Inflammation &amp; Coagulation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CRP_%E2%80%93_Akut-Phase-Protein_der_Entzundung\"><\/span>CRP - Acute-phase protein of inflammation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>bacterial infections<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inflammation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tissue damage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"hs-CRP\"><\/span>hs-CRP<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">High-sensitivity CRP for estimating cardiovascular risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"INR_%E2%80%93_Standardisierter_Gerinnungswert\"><\/span>INR - International Normalized Ratio<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bleeding tendency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Marcumar therapy<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liver disease<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"D-Dimer_%E2%80%93_Abbauprodukt_von_Blutgerinnseln\"><\/span>D-Dimer \u2013 Degradation product of blood clots<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Increased<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>thrombosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Embolism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Severe inflammation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not definitive on its own, but important for excluding thrombotic events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Schlusswort\"><\/span>Closing words<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A single blood value alone often does not allow for a definitive diagnosis, as it can be statistically normal, functionally problematic, or clinically irrelevant at the same time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Therefore, good doctors also always consider the described symptoms, medical history, past and future progression, medication and diet, as well as the patient's ethnicity, age, gender, and athletic status.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Reference ranges are therefore not a law of nature but simply a statistical tool for interpretation by the treating physician.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nahrungserganzungsmittel\"><\/span>Dietary supplements<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Similar to reference ranges for medical laboratory parameters, information on daily nutritional needs works in a similar way.<br><br>While the above laboratory parameters are standardized, there are various designations in the field of dietary supplements (NEMs) to describe the same thing.<br>The information provided, particularly the \u201e100% daily requirement,\u201c suggests scientific rigor, but it is based solely on rough estimates derived from statistical data.<br>Only UL has a certain scientifically founded character that is intended to prevent the occurrence of undesirable effects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>NRV \u2013 Nutrient Reference Value<\/strong><br>Reference amounts valid in the EU for the declaration of nutritional information<br>Do not represent individually optimal target values<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>RDA \u2013 Recommended Dietary Allowance<\/strong><br>As determined by the Institute of Medicine, also known as the National Academies<br>Represent the needs of approximately 97\u201398 % healthy individuals in a population group<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>AI \u2013 Adequate Intake<\/strong><br>Primarily based on observational data rather than exact needs analyses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>UL \u2013 Tolerable Upper Intake Level<\/strong><br>Maximum safe daily intake for long-term use<br>Describes the safety area above which the occurrence of undesirable effects becomes more likely<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Added to this is the aspect of bioavailability: if it is only moderately available, a significantly higher dosage would be necessary than with a very well bioavailable product.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, magnesium in the forms<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Magnesium citrate \u2192 high bioavailability<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Magnesium oxide \u2192 lower bioavailability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">or regarding Vitamin B12, which is considered<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Methylcobalamin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hydroxocobalamin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cyanocobalamin<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">each exhibit different pharmacological properties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"NEMs_%E2%80%93_Tagesbedarf_vs_Labordaten\"><\/span>NEMs \u2013 Daily Requirements vs. Lab Data<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A common mistake is to take supplements based solely on general recommendations, without considering individualized laboratory values, e.g.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ferritin,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vitamin D,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>B12,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Homocysteine,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Magnesium,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Zinc,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Selene,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jodine status,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Omega-3 Index.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The \u201emore is better\u201c approach is therefore incorrect. Also, a normal serum value according to the lab report does not necessarily mean optimal supply, while a low value can already have functional relevance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Internationale_Referenzwerte_RCD_von_Nahrungserganzungsmitteln_NEMs\"><\/span>International Reference Values \/ Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) of Dietary Supplements (DS)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<style>\n\n\/* ========================================= *\/\n\/* IDENTISCHES DESIGN F\u00dcR ALLE TABELLEN      *\/\n\/* OPTIMIERTE AUTO-SPALTENBREITEN            *\/\n\/* ========================================= *\/\n\n.laborwerte-wrap{\n    width:100%;\n    overflow-x:auto;\n    margin:40px 0;\n    padding-bottom:12px;\n}\n\n\/* Container *\/\n.laborwerte-container{\n    display:inline-block;\n    width:auto;\n    min-width:auto;\n    border-radius:14px;\n    border:1px solid #B7CADB;\n    box-shadow:0 3px 14px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);\n    background:#FFFFFF;\n}\n\n\/* Tabelle *\/\n.laborwerte-table{\n    border-collapse:collapse;\n    width:auto;\n    table-layout:auto;\n    font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;\n}\n\n\/* Header *\/\n.laborwerte-table thead th{\n    background:#173654;\n    color:#FFFFFF;\n    font-size:13px;\n    font-weight:700;\n    text-align:left;\n    padding:14px 14px;\n    border-right:1px solid #294968;\n    white-space:nowrap;\n    vertical-align:middle;\n}\n\n\/* Zellen *\/\n.laborwerte-table tbody td{\n    padding:12px 14px;\n    font-size:13px;\n    color:#1A1A2E;\n    border:1px solid #C8D7E5;\n    white-space:nowrap;\n    line-height:1.45;\n    text-align:left;\n    vertical-align:middle;\n}\n\n\/* KEINE EINR\u00dcCKUNG *\/\n.laborwerte-table td,\n.laborwerte-table th{\n    text-indent:0;\n    margin:0;\n}\n\n\/* Kategorien *\/\n.laborwerte-table tbody td.category{\n    background:#E4EEF7;\n    color:#173654;\n    font-weight:700;\n    text-align:left;\n}\n\n\/* Zebra *\/\n.laborwerte-table tbody tr:nth-child(even) td:not(.category){\n    background:#FAFCFE;\n}\n\n\/* Hover *\/\n.laborwerte-table tbody tr:hover td{\n    background:#F1F7FC;\n}\n\n\/* SPALTENBREITEN NUR NACH INHALT *\/\n\n\/* 1. Spalte *\/\n.laborwerte-table thead th:first-child,\n.laborwerte-table tbody td:first-child{\n    padding-left:18px;\n    padding-right:18px;\n    width:1%;\n}\n\n\/* 2. Spalte *\/\n.laborwerte-table thead th:nth-child(2),\n.laborwerte-table tbody td:nth-child(2){\n    width:1%;\n}\n\n\/* 3. Spalte *\/\n.laborwerte-table thead th:nth-child(3),\n.laborwerte-table tbody td:nth-child(3){\n    width:1%;\n}\n\n\/* 4. Spalte *\/\n.laborwerte-table thead th:nth-child(4),\n.laborwerte-table tbody td:nth-child(4){\n    width:1%;\n}\n\n\/* 5. Spalte *\/\n.laborwerte-table thead th:nth-child(5),\n.laborwerte-table tbody td:nth-child(5){\n    width:1%;\n}\n\n\/* 6. Spalte *\/\n.laborwerte-table thead th:last-child,\n.laborwerte-table tbody td:last-child{\n    padding-right:20px;\n    border-right:none;\n    width:1%;\n}\n\n\/* Responsive *\/\n@media screen and (max-width:768px){\n\n    .laborwerte-table thead th,\n    .laborwerte-table tbody td{\n        font-size:12px;\n        padding:10px 10px;\n    }\n\n}\n\n\/* ========================================= *\/\n\/* ERZWINGT ABSOLUT LINKSB\u00dcNDIGE AUSRICHTUNG *\/\n\/* OHNE JEGLICHE EINR\u00dcCKUNG                  *\/\n\/* ========================================= *\/\n\n\/* ALLE ZELLEN *\/\n.laborwerte-table td,\n.laborwerte-table th{\n    text-align:left !important;\n    text-indent:0 !important;\n    padding-left:14px !important;\n    margin-left:0 !important;\n}\n\n\/* AUCH ROWSPAN-KATEGORIEN *\/\n.laborwerte-table td.category{\n    text-align:left !important;\n    padding-left:14px !important;\n    vertical-align:middle;\n}\n\n\/* VERHINDERT WORDPRESS\/THEME-EINR\u00dcCKUNG *\/\n.laborwerte-table tr td + td{\n    padding-left:14px !important;\n}\n\n\/* KEINE SONDERBEHANDLUNG DER ERSTEN SPALTE *\/\n.laborwerte-table thead th:first-child,\n.laborwerte-table tbody td:first-child{\n    padding-left:14px !important;\n    padding-right:14px !important;\n}\n\n\/* KEINE AUTOMATISCHE EINR\u00dcCKUNG NACH ROWSPAN *\/\n.laborwerte-table tbody tr td{\n    position:relative;\n    left:0 !important;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n<!-- ========================================= -->\n<!-- VOLLST\u00c4NDIGE NEM-RCD-TABELLE              -->\n<!-- ========================================= -->\n\n<div class=\"laborwerte-wrap\">\n<div class=\"laborwerte-container\">\n\n<table class=\"laborwerte-table\">\n\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Category<\/th>\n<th>Nutrient<\/th>\n<th>Abbreviation<\/th>\n<th>Germany\/EU<\/th>\n<th>USA<\/th>\n<th>Japan\/East Asia<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n<tbody>\n\n<!-- Fettl\u00f6sliche Vitamine -->\n<tr>\n<td class=\"category\" rowspan=\"4\">Fat-soluble vitamins<\/td>\n<td>Vitamin A<\/td>\n<td>RET<\/td>\n<td>800 mcg<\/td>\n<td>900 micrograms<\/td>\n<td>850\u2013900 \u00b5g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Vitamin D<\/td>\n<td>25-OH-D<\/td>\n<td>20 micrograms<\/td>\n<td>15\u201320 \u00b5g<\/td>\n<td>8.5\u201315 mcg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Vitamin E<\/td>\n<td>Table of Contents<\/td>\n<td>12 mg<\/td>\n<td>15 mg<\/td>\n<td>6\u20137 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Vitamin K<\/td>\n<td>Vitamin K<\/td>\n<td>75 mcg<\/td>\n<td>120 micrograms<\/td>\n<td>150 mcg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<!-- Wasserl\u00f6sliche Vitamine -->\n<tr>\n<td class=\"category\" rowspan=\"9\">Water-soluble vitamins<\/td>\n<td>Vitamin B1<\/td>\n<td>B1 \/ Thiamine<\/td>\n<td>1.1 mg<\/td>\n<td>1.2 mg<\/td>\n<td>1.1\u20131.4 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Vitamin B2<\/td>\n<td>B2 \/ Riboflavin<\/td>\n<td>1.4 mg<\/td>\n<td>1.3 mg<\/td>\n<td>1.2\u20131.6 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Vitamin B3<\/td>\n<td>B3 \/ Niacin<\/td>\n<td>16 mg<\/td>\n<td>16 mg<\/td>\n<td>13\u201315 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Vitamin B5<\/td>\n<td>B5 \/ Pantothenic acid<\/td>\n<td>6 mg<\/td>\n<td>5 mg<\/td>\n<td>5 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Vitamin B6<\/td>\n<td>B6 \/ Pyridoxine<\/td>\n<td>1.4 mg<\/td>\n<td>1.3\u20131.7 mg<\/td>\n<td>1.2\u20131.4 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Biotin<\/td>\n<td>B7 \/ Biotin<\/td>\n<td>50 micrograms<\/td>\n<td>30 micrograms<\/td>\n<td>50 micrograms<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Vitamin B9<\/td>\n<td>Folic acid<\/td>\n<td>200 micrograms<\/td>\n<td>400 micrograms<\/td>\n<td>240 \u00b5g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Vitamin B12<\/td>\n<td>B12 \/ Cobalamin<\/td>\n<td>2.5 mcg<\/td>\n<td>2.4 \u00b5g<\/td>\n<td>2.4 \u00b5g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>vitamin C<\/td>\n<td>ASC<\/td>\n<td>80 mg<\/td>\n<td>75\u201390 mg<\/td>\n<td>100 milligrams<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<!-- Mineralstoffe -->\n<tr>\n<td class=\"category\" rowspan=\"11\">Minerals<\/td>\n<td>Calcium<\/td>\n<td>California<\/td>\n<td>800 mg<\/td>\n<td>1000\u20131300 mg<\/td>\n<td>650\u2013800 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>magnesium<\/td>\n<td>MG<\/td>\n<td>375 mg<\/td>\n<td>310\u2013420 mg<\/td>\n<td>310\u2013370 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>potassium<\/td>\n<td>K<\/td>\n<td>2000 mg<\/td>\n<td>4.7 g<\/td>\n<td>2500 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Sodium<\/td>\n<td>Not applicable<\/td>\n<td>1500 mg<\/td>\n<td>1500 mg<\/td>\n<td>1500 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Phosphorus<\/td>\n<td>P<\/td>\n<td>700 mg<\/td>\n<td>700 mg<\/td>\n<td>1000 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>iron<\/td>\n<td>Iron<\/td>\n<td>14 mg<\/td>\n<td>8\u201318 mg<\/td>\n<td>7\u201310.5 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Zinc<\/td>\n<td>Zinc<\/td>\n<td>10 mg<\/td>\n<td>8\u201311 mg<\/td>\n<td>8\u201311 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>copper<\/td>\n<td>See you<\/td>\n<td>1 mg<\/td>\n<td>0.9 mg<\/td>\n<td>0.7\u20130.9 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Selenium<\/td>\n<td>SE<\/td>\n<td>63-158 \u00b5g<\/td>\n<td>55 micrograms<\/td>\n<td>25\u201335 micrograms<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>manganese<\/td>\n<td>MN<\/td>\n<td>2 mg<\/td>\n<td>1.8\u20132.3 mg<\/td>\n<td>3.5\u20134 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>iodine<\/td>\n<td>IOD<\/td>\n<td>150 mcg<\/td>\n<td>150 mcg<\/td>\n<td>130\u2013150 \u00b5g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<!-- Sonstige -->\n<tr>\n<td class=\"category\" rowspan=\"6\">Other essential substances<\/td>\n<td>Choline<\/td>\n<td>Chol<\/td>\n<td>\u2013<\/td>\n<td>425\u2013550 mg<\/td>\n<td>\u2013<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Omega-3 fatty acids<\/td>\n<td>EPA\/DHA<\/td>\n<td>250 mg<\/td>\n<td>250\u2013500 mg<\/td>\n<td>900\u20131000 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Fluoride<\/td>\n<td>F<\/td>\n<td>3.5 mg<\/td>\n<td>3\u20134 mg<\/td>\n<td>3\u20134 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Chrome<\/td>\n<td>CR<\/td>\n<td>40 mcg<\/td>\n<td>25\u201335 micrograms<\/td>\n<td>10 mcg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Molybdenum<\/td>\n<td>MO<\/td>\n<td>50 micrograms<\/td>\n<td>45 micrograms<\/td>\n<td>25\u201330 mcg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<td>Silicon<\/td>\n<td>Yes<\/td>\n<td>no RCD<\/td>\n<td>no RCD<\/td>\n<td>no RCD<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zentrale_Studien_Referenzquellen\"><\/span>Central Studies &amp; Reference Sources<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sasidharan Sivakumar, Ishika Makhija, Ruchika Bhagat, Saanvi Maurya, Nabendu Sekhar Chatterjee, Savita Bansal, Nilesh Chandra \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0009898125004188?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ethnicity-Based Variations in Biological Reference Intervals \u2013 ScienceDirect<\/a> \u2013 A systematic scoping review (2026)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This large review article shows that ethnic and regional differences have significant effects on reference ranges for numerous laboratory parameters.<br>The authors particularly criticize the global use of Western reference values for non-Western populations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><strong>Key messages<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Reference ranges are population-dependent<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Western norms are not universally valid<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Genetic and environmental factors significantly influence laboratory values<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kiyoshi Ichihara, Yesim Ozarda, Julian H Barth, George Klee, Ling Qiu, Rajiv Erasmus, Anwar Borai, Svetlana Evgina, Tester Ashavaid, Dilshad Khan, Laura Schreier, Reynan Rolle, Yoshihisa Shimizu, Shogo Kimura, Reo Kawano, David Armbruster, Kazuo Mori, Binod K Yadav; Committee on Reference Intervals and Decision Limits, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine \u2013  <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27666761\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A global multicenter study on reference values: Assessment of methods for derivation and comparison of reference intervals (IFCC)<\/a> \u2013 Clin Chim Acta \u2013 April 2017<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">International IFCC study on harmonizing global reference ranges.<br>This work is considered one of the most important foundations of modern reference interval research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key messages<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Reference values differ significantly between countries<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>BMI, Ethnicity, Diet, and Methodology Affect Laboratory Parameters<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Global standardization is difficult<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nadav Rappoport, Hyojung Paik, Boris Oskotsky, Ruth Tor, Elad Ziv, Noah Zaitlen, Atul J Butte \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33636914\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Comparing Ethnicity-Specific Reference Intervals for Clinical Laboratory Tests<\/a> \u2013 J Appl Med \u2013 11\/01\/2018<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This study used millions of electronic health records (EHRs) to demonstrate ethnicity-specific differences in laboratory values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key messages<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>significant differences in:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Creatinine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>HbA1c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liver values<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hematology parameters<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Universal reference ranges can potentially lead to misclassifications<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Enjung Lim, Jill Miyamura, John J Chen \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC4578165\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Racial\/Ethnic-Specific Reference Intervals for Common Laboratory Tests<\/a> \u2013 Hawai J Med Public Health \u2013 September 2015<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Large population-based study from Hawaii with Asian, White, Black, and Hispanic population groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key messages<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>clear differences in:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Leukocytes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ferritin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Creatinine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lipid levels<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>HbA1c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ethnicity-specific reference intervals improve diagnostics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/clinchem\/article-pdf\/48\/10\/1802\/32735483\/clinchem1802.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Effect of Ethnicity on Reference Intervals<\/a> - <em>Clinical Chemistry<\/em>, Volume 48, Issue 10, 1 October 2002, Pages 1802\u20131804 \u2013 October 1, 2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Classic foundational work on the question of when different ethnicities require separate reference intervals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key messages<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>describes statistical criteria for dividing reference groups<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Basis for many current laboratory standards<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nadav Rappoport, Hyojung Paik, Boris Oskotsky, Ruth Tor, Elad Ziv, Noah Zaitlen, Atul J Butte \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10408363.2018.1476455?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Influence of ethnicity on population reference values for biochemical markers<\/a> \u2013 J Appl Lab Med. \u2013 Nov 1, 2018<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Review of Biochemical Markers and Ethnic Differences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key messages<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201eWe found that the distributions of &gt;50% in laboratory tests\u2014which currently have fixed reference intervals\u2014vary among self-identified racial and ethnic groups (SIREs) in healthy individuals.\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our results confirm the known SIRE-specific differences in creatinine and suggest that further research is needed to determine the clinical implications of using uniform reference intervals for other tests with SIRE-specific distributions.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Reading time<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 9<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minutes<\/span><\/span>Blutwerte Referenzbereiche von Blutwerten sind weltweit unterschiedlich festgelegt, ber\u00fccksichtigen ethnische, genetische Unterschiede und basieren auf statistisch ermittelten Daten von 95% &#8222;gesunder&#8220; Menschen. 5% liegen damit au\u00dferhalb dieser &#8222;Norm&#8220;. Weitere Parameter, wie Ern\u00e4hrung, BMI, Alter und Geschlecht werden in die Ermittlung dieser Referenzwerte einbezogen. Zu ber\u00fccksichtigen ist bei der Bewertung, neben der ganzheitlichen \u00e4rztlichen Betrachtung, dass&hellip;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/blog\/2026\/05\/10\/referenzbereiche-blutwerte-und-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Read More \"<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Reference Ranges - Blood Values and Supplements<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1078,354,1641],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14531","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-medizin","category-medizin-gesundheit","category-nahrungsergaenzungsmittel"],"acf":[],"modified_by":"Achim Goerner","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14531","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14531"}],"version-history":[{"count":30,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14531\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14630,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14531\/revisions\/14630"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14531"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14531"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14531"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}